Researchers planning to use qualitative, quantitative or mixed method in their research should follow the respective journal article reporting standards (JARS) to report their findings

4.1 Quantitative Research Paper

The authors of these papers report original, empirical, quantitative research reported by using analytical methods(Statistics, data analysis, and modeling techniques) that rely on the numerical properties of the measurement system.The authors should describe their element of study in first person within the article.

Quantitative research examines relationships between variables, which are measured numerically and analyzed using a range of statistical and graphical techniques. It often incorporates controls to ensure the validity of data, as in an experimental design. Because data are collected in a standardized manner, it is important to ensure that questions are expressed clearly so they are understood in the same way by each participant. In quantitative articles, authors report original, empirical, quantitative research. The results of these studies are typically analyzed using methods (statistics, data analysis, and modeling techniques) that rely on the numerical properties of the measurement system. Within the article, authors should describe elements of their study in the first perso

Quantitative articles should include distinct sections that reflect the stages of the research process.

Introduction - a statement of the purpose of the investigation, a review of the background literature, an dan explicit statement of the hypotheses being explored.

4.11 Sample DBA Quantitative Research Paper

A quantitative research paper at the DBA level should include the following mandatory topics:

• Title page - 1%

  A professional title page should be in line with Student APA v. 7.0 title Page specifications that includes:

  • Title of paper
    • Theoretical issues under investigations
      • Identify main variable and theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them.
    • Identify the population studied
  • Name of each author
  • Affiliation (department/school) of each author
  • Course name and number
  • Instructor name
  • Assignment due date
  • Running head (optional) and page number
  • Student APA v. 7.0 title Page
  • Author’s note (optional)

• Table of Content - 1%

• Abstract (150 – 250 words) - 4%

  • Summarizes the significance of the study using the following requirement:
    • Objectives
    • Participants ( variables or concepts)
    • Research findings
  • Investigate the study design including types of participants or data sources, analytical strategy, main results and significance.
  • State the problem under investigation, including main hypotheses
  • Describe the study method including research design, sample size, material used, outcome measure and data gathering procedure
  • Report findings, including effect sizes and statistical significance level
  • State conclusion beyond just results and report the implication or application
  • Identify five keywords
  • This should be written at the last stage of the paper compilation and should provide the reader a gist of the paper.
  • Limited to no more than 250 words including keywords
  • Specific, clear, coherent, readable and concise

• Keywords - 1%

  • Describe the most important aspects of your paper
  • Limited to three to five
  • For quantitative researches needs to cover technique and subject matter as well

• Introduction (750 - 1000 words) – 10%

  • State the importance of the problem, including theoretical or practical implications
  • Provide a concise literature review
  • State specific hypotheses, aims and objectives
  • State how hypotheses and research design relate to one another

• Literature Review/Bibliography (1,000 - 1,500 words) – 5%

  Description of the way literature has paved the way for this particular research and in what order of significance. This section would be a justification of the foundational background of the research.

• Method (2,500 - 3,500 words) - 33%

  Research Design Overview - 3%
  • Identify and define inclusion and exclusion (scope of your study)
  • Describe procedures for selecting participants; Participants characteristics (operational definition of variables)
  • Perform data preparation ( Sampling method, sample size, source of data, validity/reliability of data collection instrument, the time horizon for data)
  Some or all of the followings might apply: - 10%
  • Clarify conditions and assumptions
  • Report major demographic characteristics and important topic specific characteristics
  • Describe procedures for selecting participants
  • Describe settings and location from where data was collected and payments made to the participants in any form
  • Describe the sample size, power and precision
  • Define all primary and secondary measures and covariates
  • Describe methods used to collect data
  • Describe methods used to enhance the quality of measurement
  • Provide information or validate ad hoc instruments created for individual studies
  • Report if masking took place and whether it was successful or not
  • Estimate and report reliability coefficients for the score analyzed
  • Report estimates related to the reliability of measure
  • Report whether conditions were manipulated or observed natural
  • Describe planned data diagnostics
  • Describe the analytic strategy for inferential statistics
  Results
  • Report the flow of participants
  • Provide dates defining the period of recruitments
  • Provide information detailing the statistical and data analytic methods used
  • Report any problems with statistical assumption that could affect the validity of the data
  Discussions (500 - 750 words) - 8%
  • Provide a statement of support or nonsupport for all hypotheses
  • Identify study’s strength and limitations; Interpretation
  • Draw implications ( for the business and also for future researches )
  • Identify similarities and differences from prior theories and research findings
  • Describe the limit of the scope of transferability
  References - 5%
  • Minimum of 15 references and in-text citations based on literature review.
  Appendices Mechanics of writing - 20%
  • Student APA 7.0 Style compliance 5%,
  • grammar 5%,
  • Language, 2%
  • Flow of the paper 3%
  • Length of the paper - 5%
    • 6,000 - 8,500 - 5%
    • 5,000 - 6,000 - 3%
    • 4,000 - 5,000 - 1%

4.2 Qualitative Research Paper

In Qualitative paper, authors report original, empirical, qualitative research based on scientific practices used to generate knowledge about human experiences/action including social processes. Qualitative approaches tend to share the following four sets of characteristics

Data Analysis - analyze data consisting of natural language, research observation or participant expressions

Iterative process of analysis - continuous revision of existing findings based on new research and data to reach an original finding

Combine inquiry with methods - helping researchers to enact methods based after understanding their personal biases for the research

Study experiences and actions - They are fluid and can evolve with time so are not converted or considered as law that can remain stable for long period of time

4.21 Sample DBA Qualitative Research Paper

A qualitative research paper at the DBA level should include the following mandatory topics:

• Title page - 1%

  A professional title page should be in line with Student APA v. 7.0 title Page specifications that includes:

  • Title of paper
    • Identify the main topics/concepts and relationship between concepts
    • Theoretical issues under investigations
    • Identify the case studied
  • Name of each author
  • Affiliation of each author
  • Course name and number
  • Instructor name
  • Assignment due date
  • Running head (optional) and page number
  • Student APA v. 7.0 title Page
  • Author’s note (optional)

• Table of Content - 1%

• Abstract (150 – 250 words) - 4%

  Professional qualitative research abstract:

  • Summarizes the significance of the study using the following requirement:
    • Objectives
    • Participants ( subjects or concepts)
    • Research findings
  • Investigate the study design including types of participants or data sources, analytical strategy, main results and significance.
  • Identify five keywords
  • This should be written at the last stage of the paper compilation and should provide the reader a gist of the paper.
    • Limited to no more than 250 words including keywords
    • Specific, clear, coherent, readable and concise

• Keywords - 1%

  • Describe the most important aspects of your paper
  • Limited to three to five
  • For qualitative researches needs to cover technique and subject matter as well

• Introduction (750 - 1000 words) – 10%

  Description of research problem/question

  • Frame the problem or question and its context
  • Review, critique and synthesize the applicable literature to identify key issues/debates/theoretical framework in the relevant literature to clarify barriers, knowledge gaps or practical needs.
  • The introduction may include case examples, personal narratives, vignettes or other illustrative material Study Objective/Aims/Research
    • State the purpose/goals/aims of the study
    • Provide the rationale for fit of design used to investigate this purpose/goal.
    • Describe the approach to inquiry
    • Qualitative studies tend not to identify hypotheses, but rather research questions and goals.
    • Contribution of the researcher in the field of study should be provided in the introduction
    • Should provide the structure of rest of paper

• Literature Review/Bibliography (1,000 - 1,500 words) – 5%

  Description of the way literature has paved the way for this particular research and in what order of significance. This section would be a justification of the foundational background of the research.

• Method (2,500 - 3,500 words) - 33%

  Research Design Overview - 3%
  • Summarize the research design, including data collection strategies, data analytic strategies and if required, approaches to inquiry.
  • Provide the rationale for design selected.
  • Method section can be written in narrative or chronological format.
  Some or all of the followings might apply: - 10%

  Study Participants or Data Source

  Researchers Description

  • Describe the researcher’s background approaching the study

  Participants or other Data Source

  • Provide the numbers of participants/events/document analyzed
  • Describe the demographics, cultural information, characteristics of data source that might influence the collected data
  • Describe existing data sources

  Researcher Participant relationship relevant to the research process

  Participant Recruitment

  Recruitment and selection Process

  • Describe the participants/ data source recruitment and selection process
  • Describe the incentive or compensation
  • Convey the study purpose as portrayed to participants
  Data (sources) Collection (10%)
  • State the form in which data (or sources) were collected
  • Describe the data collection process
  • For interviews and written studies, indicate the mean and range of time duration in data collection
  • Describe the questions asked in data collection
  • Identify data audio/visual recording methods, field notes or transcription processes used
  Analysis- 10% Data Analytics Strategy - 5%
  • Describe the methods and procedures used and their purpose/goal
  • Explain in detail the process of analysis with the rationale
  • Describe the process of arriving at an analytical scheme
  • Indicate software if used
  Methodological Integrity - 5%
  • Demonstrate that the claims made are from analysis are warranted and have produce findings
  • Demonstrate consistency with regard to analytical process
  • Describe how support for claims was supplemented
  Findings/Results (1,000 - 1,500 words)— 12%
  • Present research findings compatible with the study design
  • Present synthesizing illustrations in organizing and conveying findings.
  Discussions (500 - 750 words) - 8%
  • Describe the central contribution and their significance
  • Identify similarities and differences from prior theories and research findings
  • Identify study’s strength and limitations
  • Describe the limit of the scope of transferability
  • Revisit any ethical dilemmas or challenges
  • Consider the implication for future research, policy or Practice
  References - 5%
  • Minimum of 15 references and in-text citations based on literature review.
  Appendices Mechanics of writing - 20%
  • Student APA 7.0 Style compliance 5%,
  • grammar 5%,
  • Language, 2%
  • Flow of the paper 3%
  • Length of the paper - 5%
    • 6,000 - 8,500 - 5%
    • 5,000 - 6,000 - 3%
    • 4,000 - 5,000 - 1%

4.3 Mixed Method Research Paper

In this method, qualitative and quantitative empirical research methods are combined and reported. It is assumed that using both methods of research would provide the reader with additional material to understand the findings.The researchers should clearly define and describe the theoretical assumptions, research design, procedures, research methods, data collection, data analysis and findings to gain added perspective derived from using both methods.

Mixed methods research is the type of research in which a researcher or team of researchers combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches (e. g., use of qualitative and quantitative viewpoints, data collection, analysis, inference techniques)

The thoughtful and robust use of mixed methods requires meeting the standards of both quantitative and qualitative research methodology in the design, implementation, and reporting stages. To this end, various mixed methods designs have emerged in the literature (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2011), and they help inform the procedures used in reporting studies (e.g., the convergent design, the exploratory sequential design, the explanatory sequential design). Although some standards and recommendations exist by authors writing in the health sciences (e.g., Creswell, Klas- sen, Plano Clark, & Smith, 2011) and by journal editors (e.g., the Journal of Mixed Methods Research; Fetters & Freshwater, 2015), reporting standards for mixed methods research have not been advanced to date in psychology or in APA Style. A mixed methods research paper at the DBA level should include the following mandatory topics:

• Title page - 1%

  A professional title page should be in line with Student APA v. 7.0 title Page specifications that includes:

  • Title of paper
    • Identify the main variables and concepts and relationship between them
    • Theoretical issues under investigations
    • Identify the case studied
    • Refrain from using words that are either qualitative (e.g., “explore”, “understand”) or quantitative (e.g., “determinants”, “correlates”).
    • Reference the mixed methods, qualitative and quantitative methods used.
  • Name of each author
  • Affiliation of each author
  • Course name and number
  • Instructor name
  • Assignment due date
  • Running head (optional) and page number
  • Student APA v. 7.0 title Page
  • Author’s note (optional)

• Table of Content - 1%

• Abstract (150 – 250 words) - 4%

  Professional mixed method research abstract:

  • Indicate the mixed methods design including:
    • Type of participants or data sources
    • Analytic strategy
    • Main results/ findings
    • Major implications/significance
  • Specify the type of mixed methods design used and describe the approach to combine two methods of quantitative and qualitative
  • Identify five keywords
  • This should be written at the last stage of the paper compilation and should provide the reader a gist of the paper.
  • Limited to no more than 250 words including keywords
  • Specific, clear, coherent, readable and concise

• Keywords - 1%

  • Describe the most important aspects of your paper
  • Limited to three to five
  • For mixed researches needs to cover technique and subject matter as well

• Introduction (750 - 1000 words) – 10%

  Description of research problem/question

  • Frame the problem or question and its context
  • Review, critique and synthesize the applicable literature to identify key issues/debates/theoretical framework in the relevant literature to clarify barriers, knowledge gaps or practical needs.
  • The introduction may include case examples, personal narratives, vignettes or other illustrative material
  • May convey barriers in the literature that suggest a need for both qualitative and quantitative data

  Study Objective/Aims/Research

  • State three types of research purpose/goals/aims: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods
  • Provide the rationale for fit of design used to investigate this purpose/goal.
  • Describe the approach to inquiry were combined, as it illuminates the objectives and mixed rational
  • Mixed method studies tend to identify hypotheses, research questions and goals.
  • Contribution of the researcher in the field of study should be provided in the introduction
  • Should provide the structure of rest of paper

• Literature Review/Bibliography (1,000 - 1,500 words) – 5%

  Description of the way literature has paved the way for this particular research and in what order of significance. This section would be a justification of the foundational background of the research.

• Method (2,500 - 3,500 words) - 33%

  Research Design Overview - 3%

  • Explain why mixed methods research is appropriate as a methodology given the paper’s goals.
  • Identify the type of mixed methods design used and define it
  • Indicate the qualitative approach to inquiry and the quantitative design used within the mixed methods design type
  • If multiple approaches to inquiry were combined, describe how this was done and provide a rationale (e.g., descriptive, interpretive, feminist, psychoanalytic, postpositivist, critical, postmodern, constructive or pragmatic approaches ), as it illuminate the mixed methods in use.
  • Provide a rationale or justification for the need to collect both qualitative and quantitative data and the added value of integrating the results from the two data sets.
  • Summarize the research design, including data collection strategies, data analytic strategies and if required, approaches to inquiry.
  • Method section can be written in narrative or chronological format.

  Some or all of the followings might apply: - 10%

  Study Participants or Data Source

  Researchers Description

  • Describe the researcher’s background approaching the study

  Participants or other Data Source

  • When data are collected from multiple sources, clearly identify the sources of qualitative and quantitative data, their characteristics, and the relationship between the data sets
  • Provide the numbers of participants/events/document analyzed
  • State the data source in the order of procedures used in the design type (e.g., qualitative sources first in an exploratory sequential design followed by quantitative sources)
  • Describe the demographics, cultural information, characteristics of data source that might influence the collected data Participant Recruitment
  • Describe the qualitative and quantitative sampling in separate sections
  • Relate the order of the sections to the procedures used in the mixed methods design type.
  • Describe the incentive or compensation
  • Convey the study purpose as portrayed to participants

  Data (sources) Collection (10%)

  • State the form in which data (or sources) were collected
  • Describe the data collection process
  • For interviews and written studies, indicate the mean and range of time duration in data collection
  • Describe the questions asked in data collection
  • Identify data audio/visual recording methods, field notes or transcription processes used

  Analysis- 10%

  Data Analytics Strategy - 5%

  • Devote separate sections to the qualitative data analysis, the quantitative data analysis, and the mixed methods analysis.
  • Describe the methods and procedures used and their purpose/goal
  • Explain in detail the process of analysis with the rationale
  • Describe the process of arriving at an analytical scheme
  • Indicate software if used

  Validity, Reliability and Methodological Integrity - 5%

  • Indicate methodological integrity, quantitative validity and reliability and mixed methods validity or legitimacy.
  • Are indicated to show the quality of the research process and the interface drawn from the intersection of the quantitative and qualitative data.
  • Demonstrate that the claims made are from analysis are warranted and have produce findings
  • Demonstrate consistency with regard to analytical process
  • Describe how support for claims was supplemented

• Findings/Results (1,000 - 1,500 words)— 12%

  • Findings section typically includes sections on qualitative findings, quantitative results and mixed methods results.
  • Should mirror the type of mixed methods design in terms of sequence.
  • The mixed methods analysis are conveyed through “joint display” tables or graphs that array qualitative results against the quantitative results.
  • Present research findings compatible with the study design
  • Present synthesizing illustrations in organizing and conveying findings.

• Discussions (500 - 750 words) - 8%

  • Describe the central contribution and their significance
  • Identify similarities and differences from prior theories and research findings
  • Identify study’s strength and limitations
  • Describe the limit of the scope of transferability
  • Revisit any ethical dilemmas or challenges
  • Consider the implication for future research, policy or Practice

• References - 5%

  • Minimum of 15 references and in-text citations based on literature review.

  Appendices

  Mechanics of writing - 20%

  • Student APA 7.0 Style compliance 5%,
  • grammar 5%,
  • Language, 2%
  • Flow of the paper 3%
  • Length of the paper - 5%
    • 6,000 - 8,500 - 5%
    • 5,000 - 6,000 - 3%
    • 4,000 - 5,000 - 1%

4.4 Literature Review Articles

The literature review articles/papers provide a summary of existing research and its findings or theories.

You are required to create a literature review for your final paper project by reviewing the existing literature to see what the landscape in your chosen topic in line with your justification looks like.

4.41 CMU Sample Literature Paper

Literature Review: At the beginning of any research, it is important to search the literature and identify existing knowledge related to the research topic and problem. Researchers often develop a comprehensive annotated bibliography, which serves as a foundation for a comprehensive literature review.

Level of Existing knowledge: Through the review of literature, researchers are able to determine what is already known and documented about the research topic at hand.

For the purpose of this assignment consider the following:

• Review and analyze peer-reviewed literature on your topic.
• Include a brief summary of the key theories and findings that relate to the issues described in your final paper project.
• State the existing level of knowledge
• Reference each study and provide in-text citations following APA 7th style.
• Submit your work for evaluation and feedback.

4.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Meta Analysis

In this research method, collective techniques for qualitative or quantitative data are used by the researchers from the group of similar and related studies used to draw conclusions.

4.6 Theoretical Articles

These articles uses the existing research to advance a theory

4.7 Replication Articles

In these articles, the author examines or reproduces the same study/theory that was previously researched.

4.8 Methodological Articles

This research is based on using the modified or changing the existing methods.

4.9 Other types of Articles - Student Papers, Dissertations, & Theses

APA provides guidance for JARS but the same guidelines can be used for student papers to cultivate the understanding of the scholarly papers and publishing requirements.